sweetening process of crude oil

A process used to remove hydrogen sulfide [H 2 S] and carbon dioxide [CO 2] from a gas stream. 3,783,125). If it did, a considerable amount of liquid would also be lost—something like shaking a bottle of soda pop before uncapping it. The evolved H2S was chromatographically separated from light naphthas and measured against both the internal standard D-6 benzene standard and a 40 ppm H S external standard. Example 1 : H?S Emission from Crude Oil A series of measurements were done to better understand the chemistry of H S evolution as a function of crude processing by evaluating the off-gas concentration of H2S in various sour Ε' crude samples. Sour gas is sweetened, or purified of its sulfur compounds, by treatment with ethanolamine, a liquid absorbent that acts much like the glycol solution in dehydration. The main job of the big oil "kitchen" at Abqaiq, Saudi Arabia, is. Stabilization is the process of increasing the amount of intermediate (C 3 to C 5) and heavy (C 6+) components in the liquid phase. This indicates that shipments of sour crude E will begin to produce H S in the vapor phase above the crude as soon as any heating begins and will continue to produce H2S throughout the period of heating. In this process, crude oil is heated and fed into a distillation column. A process for removing sulfur from crude petroleum, comprising: a) heating the crude petroleum to a temperature of at least about 300°F (149°C); b) maintaining said temperature for a holding period; c) stirring the crude petroleum during the holding period; and d) bubbling a substantially inert gas through the crude petroleum during the holding period, thereby generating an exhaust gas containing hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur containing gases. The possible sources of H2S are dissolved H S and/or H S generated by reaction or decomposition of sulfur components within the crude oil. In this embodiment, the sulfur components of the crude are contacted with a polyalkylamine during thermal processing. The removal of H 2S from sour oil is called “oil sweetening”. In contrast, H S levels in the crude samples with out the additive reached only 2000 ppm after two hours and dropped to 700 ppm after three hours, and remained fairly constant after four hours. A LARGE US BASED INDEPENDENT REFINER PROCESSING HEAVY SOUR, LIGHT SWEET AND OPPORTUNITY CRUDE OILS WANTED TO PROTECT THE HDS UNIT. Elemental sulfur and sulfur compounds are naturally present in many petroleum crude oils. shipping and handling of crude oil can be dangerous. AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC NL PT SE SK TR, Countries concerned: Separation 2. Kind code of ref document: Various amounts of the different chemical agents, generally 0.1 grams or 1%, plus an internal standard, 1 μL of D6-benzene, where then spiked into the bottle. Check the Public Affairs Digital Image Archive for January 1960 images. • Crude oil (pre-) heating and cooling • Cooling of produced water • Closed loop cooling/heating • Gas cooling and condensing APV plate heat exchangers are designed for the particular challenges of crude oil including high viscosities, severe fouling tendency, presence of corrosive components, and vapour breakout during the heating process. A limited number of autoclave runs were made to determine the impact of heat treatment on H2S formation/emission. All of the polyalkylamines significantly enhanced H2S emissions from the crude. Sour crude will begin to produce H S (in the vapor phase above the crude) as soon as any heating begins and will continue throughout the period of any mild heating. purification. It follows that, while most fractions are preferably treated as they come off the crude still to somewhat 11. Three general schemes are used to sweeten crude oil at the production facilities: 1. Sulfur compounds are unlikable because of their disagreeable odors and because they oxidize to sulfur dioxide or hydrogen sulfide which are corrosive. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.) ORC-I processes over 35,000 barrels of crude oil a day to produce different grade of petroleum products. The doctor sweetening process is an industrial chemical process for converting mercaptans in sour gasoline into disulfides. The production of H S from these materials treated in this way is not a transitory phenomenon, as continued H S evolution occurs over a very long period of time. Further in refinery process below process schematics are described in this blog, Crude Oil Pre-treatment (Desalting) Crude Oil Distillation. The process of claim 14, wherein said polyalkylamine is selected from the group consisting of diethylene triamine, tetraethylene pentaamine, and pentaethylene hexamine, aminoethylpiperidine and 1,4,8,11 -terra azocyclotetradecane. "Foaming" is similar to the action that occurs when you shake water and vinegar to make a salad dressing. All the crude produced in Saudi Arabia—except for that of the offshore Safaniya Field in the Persian Gulf—is "sour." In a sweetening process, different types of ethanolamine can be used, including monoethanolamine (MEA), … 10. There is also a wide variety of sulfur containing compounds present in the crude. Near the bottom, the down-flowing oil is channeled to a reboiler that heats it. Unless otherwise stated, all starting materials are commercially available and standard laboratory techniques and equipment are utilized. A caustic pre-wash is used for sulfur removal. 18. The stripping process utilizes Henry's law which states that the amount of a slightly soluble gas that dissolves in a liquid at a given temperature is very nearly proportional to the amount of the particular gas in the surrounding atmosphere. This gas is contained in the crude oil as it comes from the wells. US2031972A - Sweetening process - Google Patents Sweetening process Download PDF Info Publication number US2031972A ... sweetening elementary sulfur elementary Prior art date 1932-06-20 Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Light crude oils are normally well below the D2892 water limit. In the first stage, several portions of the same crude oil sample were subjected to a wide range of heat treatment conditions, varying the temperature and time span of each run. 5,376,258). An enormous amount of technology has developed relating to sweetening and desulfurizing gasolines and other petroleum stocks depending upon the particular type of sulfur compound to be removed. The second reaction, (b), represents 2 hours of heating, followed by flushing the reaction bottle completely of H S with argon, resealing the bottle, and heating for an additional 2 hours (4 hours total). An inert gas, such as N or a waste flue gas containing mostly CO2 (greater than 50%), may also be bubbled in to the crude to assist in the sulfur gas removal. This study showed that among the various chemical agents used, polyalkylamines accelerate H S formation approximately 5 to 15 times. The H2S levels in the vapor space of the sample reach about 8000 ppm at two hours, 1000 ppm after three hours, and continues to drop to 500 ppm after 4 hours. 1. n. [Production Facilities] A process used to remove hydrogen sulfide [H 2 S] and carbon dioxide [CO 2] from a gas stream. No. Among the petroleum installations at Abqaiq, Saudi Arabia, is a big processing plant known as a crude-oil stabilizer, and, figuratively speaking, you might say that it's main job is to get rid of the "rotten eggs." The process of claim 14, wherein said temperature is between about 300°F (149°C) and about 600°F (316°C). The following examples are included to demonstrate preferred embodiments of the invention. 2. EXAMPLES. (Brooke, U.S. Pat. (2) Dry gas wells - These wells typically produce only raw natural gas … A schematic of the distillation column is shown in Figure 2.2. Ordinarily the oil floats free above the vinegar, but shaking them together produces a bubbly emulsion, a frothy mixture that will not separate for quite a while. Retrouvez Gas Sweetening and Processing Field Manual et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. There are only five men on each shift: a head operator and four assistants, all Saudi Arabs. The gases that come off the top of the stabilizer columns will be combined with spheroid gases, compressed and liquified, and piped to the 'Ain Dar area. The initial vapor space H2S concentrations in each sample were greater than 500 ppm, the maximum detection limit of the detector used, with the exception of the 1st sour crude E sample. Because if the oil remained warm, all the lighter fractions of crude oil would evaporate. All of the solvent extraction processes suffer from the disadvantage of requiring a phase separation. When crude oil is produced through oil milling production, it is essential to get rid of these unwanted impurities, and make the oil achieves the standards of edible or industrial use. View Graphical view Of Refining Process. (Ferrara, U.S. Pat. • Crude oil distillation is more complicated than product distillation, in part because crude oils contain water, salts, and suspended solids. Its purpose is to recover most of the liquid hydrocarbons contained in the gas mixture. • Step 1 in the refining process is to remove these contaminants so as to reduce corrosion, plugging, and fouling of equipment and … This gas is contained in the crude oil as it comes from the wells. Although the processing of natural gas is in many respects less complicated than the processing and refining of crude oil, it is equally as necessary before its use by end users. If the crude oil sample has more than 0.3% water then it must be dehydrated before the D2892 test can be performed. "Rotten eggs" means hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S)—they share a common odor. It is believed that the polyalkylamines accelerate the release of sulfur containing vapors during heating of the crude oil by promoting the conversion of sulfur containing components into H2S and other sulfur containing vapors. Merox Treater Unit This is a sweetening process used to convert mercaptan sulphur found in kerosene. During the heating step it is preferred that the crude be stirred or mixed so that the heated crude can expel the H S and other sulfur containing gases as they are either released or produced from the crude. For any process or chemical Engineers, this basic information is required for his design and understanding the process layout. This process is called “oil refining”. Hydrodesulfurization is the most commonly used method in the petroleum industry to reduce the sulfur content of crude oil. It enters the column and starts to flow down through a series of "bubble trays." If a sufficient amount of these light hydrocarbons is removed, the vapor pressure becomes satisfactory for shipment at approximately atmospheric pressure. Desulfurization of crude oil is an important process used in a petroleum refinery to reduce the sulfur concentration and produc- tion of fuel products such as gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel, Presence of Sweet and Sour Crude If exploration and production (E&P) companies are given an option whether to produce sweet or sour crude, without any hesitation they will all opt for sweet crude. And one of the Aramco plants that does this job at Abqaiq is the world's largest crude-oil stabilizer: it can process up to 950,000 barrels of crude daily. It has further been discovered that the addition of a polyalkylamine to the stirred crude oil can also greatly assist in the expulsion of sulfur containing gases. The thermal Heating the sulfur-containing crude oil stream to an elevated temperature for an extended period of time while stirring and bubbling an inert gas into the crude accelerates the removal of sulfur containing gases from the crude oil stream. The gases that come off the top of the stabilizer columns will be combined with spheroid gases, compressed and liquified, and piped to the 'Ain Dar area. More recently the use of certain molecular sieves has been disclosed. Upon mild heating, hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) has The adsorption process desulfurizes sour hydrocarbons by contact with a suitable high surface area adsorbent. 7. Booster pumps push the oil from the storage tanks to the top of one of the stabilizer columns. 17. Figure 1 shows a typical schematic of oil and gas production. The process of claim 1, wherein said substantially inert gas comprises nitrogen. The vapor that is produced from this heat treatment may also be cooled to condense the water vapor. There, they will be combined with high-pressure gases from the 'Ain Dar gas-injection plant and injected into the underground reservoir. Why? C10G 29/20 20060101ALI20101201BHEP, Ipc: Sweetening processes oxidize mercaptans into more innocuous disulfides, which remain in the product fuels. The process of claim 15, wherein the concentration of said polyalkylamine is about 0.2% by weight. Example 2: Heat Soaking Autoclave Runs. Similar to the previously described extraction process; the feedstock for a sweetening process must be free of H2S. All refineries have three basic steps: 1. The sources of H S from the crude are dissolved H2S and/or generated H2S produced by the reaction or decomposition of sulfur components in the crude. The hydrodesulfurization process has been widely used in oil refineries since about 1955 and is predicated on the availability of hydrogen gas at the refinery. The Refining Process. It can also economically treat crude oil associated gases so that subsequent products such as pipeline gas, NGL, or ethane, do not require additional treating for CO/sub 2/, or COS removal. After processing under these conditions, the hydrogen sulfide producing capacity of the crude oil is reduced significantly, thus making the crude safer for transportation and handling by reducing the health and environmental risks. Jonell Systems LiquiPleat Cartridges Deliver Optimal Efficiency to Process Gas Oil Feed while Protect HDS Unit. The emission is significant from a concentration standpoint and continuous, as the emission continued for a prolonged period of time. This article appeared on pages 3-5 of the January 1960 print edition of Saudi Aramco World. The impurity type and quantity depend on the variety and quality of oil plant, oil processing technology and methods. TEXACO DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, Ipc: Vapor pressure is exerted by light hydrocarbons, such as methane, ethane, propane, and butane, changing from liquid to gas as the pressure on the crude is lowered. The process of claim 1 , wherein said exhaust gas contains water vapor. No. C10G 27/00 20060101AFI20040131BHEP. The sweetening process works to strip hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and CO 2 from crude oil. The last three reactions listed in Table 4 represent sequential experiments at two hour intervals. C10G 31/00 20060101ALI20101201BHEP, Ipc: The addition of a polyalkylamine can accelerate H2S formation from sulfur containing components in the crude as much as 5 to 15 times. The general object of this invention is to provide an improved process for sweetening and desulfurizing sulfur-containing crude oil streams. Subsequent disclosures have taught the use of refractory oxides such as silica and alumina. But in cold weather it remains in the crude that is pumped to the stabilizer and causes "foaming," which reduces the efficiency of the process. The addition of a polyalkylamine preferably is between about 100 ppm and 3000 ppm, with a more preferred concentration of 0.2% by weight (2000 ppm). It involves removal of salt dissolved in the water in the crude oil. As in other modern oil-processing installations, practically everything is operated automatically from the control room. 4,548,708). The vapor that is produced from this heat treatment can be condensed to recover any condensable hydrocarbons that may also have been removed from the crude. The process of claim 1, wherein said holding period is between about 1 hour and about 4 hours. The process is ideal for lower to mid levels of H 2S concentrations. If the crude has not yet been de-watered, a process by which the substantial amount of water found in crude oil is removed, the vapor that is produced from this heat treatment can contain water vapor. The next step is to pump it to the sour-crude storage tanks at the stabilizer to await processing. These sulfur compounds can be removed with the following chemical reactions: 2 RSH sour gasoline + Na 2 PbO 2 + S → in the … 3,378,484; Ondrey, U.S. Pat. The primary process for sweetening sour natural gas is quite similar to the processes of glycol dehydration and NGL absorption. The process of claim 10, wherein the concentration of said polyalkylamine is between about 100 and about 3000 ppm. Example 3: Effect of Polyalkylamines on H?S Emissions Different chemical agents that were theoretically potential H S stabilizers or accelerators were reacted with a crude oil sample. Hydrogen sulfide has to go. Solvent Extraction and De-waxing. The rising gases, incidentally, perform a useful function on their way up the column. Another preferred embodiment of this invention involves sweetening and/or desulfurizing crude oil by adding catalytic additives to the crude. The oil is then mixed with a fluid catalyst before passing into the FCC unit itself which consists of the riser, reactor, regenerator and fractionating tower. No. emission on subsequent heating. If you've ever cracked a bad egg into an omelet, you'll get the idea. 19. The purpose of the runs is to identify suitable thermal pretreatment conditions that would condition the crude so that subsequent H2S emission is mimmized or eliminated during transportation and handling. Water did not reduce H2S emissions for the other polyamines in previous experimental sets. The unit typically used for this separation is a distillation column operated at atmospheric pressure and is commonly referred to as the crude still. Gases contained in the crude—both hydrogen sulfide and light hydrocarbons—begin to boil off at this temperature. Near the bottom, the down-flowing oil is channeled to a reboiler that heats it. THEY PRODUCE HIGH VALUE LIGHT PRODUCTS SUCH AS GASOLINE, DIESEL, JET FUEL AND SPECIALITY LUBRICANT … The stirring rate can be anywhere between 10 and 5000 rpm which could be applied by a conventional stirrer or other mixing devices. Crude oils range in consistency from water to tar-like solids, and in color from clear to black. (Jeanblanc, et al., U.S. Pat. Thermal Cracking. Its purpose is to recover most of the liquid hydrocarbons contained in the gas mixture. The results are shown in Table 4. Finally, hydrodesulfurization desulfurizes hydrocarbons under conditions of elevated temperature and pressure by contacting the hydrocarbons with a large quantity of hydrogen gas in the presence of a special catalyst to form hydrogen sulfide. Upon mild heating, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to begin evolving from the crude oil. 4. The ethanolamine is processed That's equal to 39,000,000 gallons—a pretty fair batch in anybody's kitchen. The next step is to pump it to the sour-crude storage tanks at the stabilizer to await processing. The process of claim 10, wherein said polyalkylamine is selected from the group consisting of diethylene triamine, tetraethylene pentaamine, and pentaethylene hexamine, aminoethylpiperidine and 1,4,8. Our expertise in sweetening processes includes multi-component absorption of inorganic and organic sulphur species. The mixture of the crude and the polyalkylamine should be stirred or mixed during the thermal processing step so that the heated crude can expel the sulfur containing gases. This injected combination serves as a solvent that "flushes out" crude oil and also helps to maintain reservoir pressure, thus permitting a higher percentage of the crude oil to be recovered. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the scope and concept of the invention as it is set out in the following claims. C10G 31/06 20060101ALI20101201BHEP, Ipc: The Gas Sweetening Process aims to remove part or all of the acid gas that the natural gas contains for different reasons as follows: ... • To decrease the H2S content of a gas used in a crude cold stripping. , tetraethylene pentaamine ( TEPA ), was performed in the Abqaiq stabilizer can process 950,000 barrels of crude in. Protect HDS unit his design and understanding the process of claim 1, further comprising said... 3-5 of the January 1960 print edition of, check the Public Affairs Image. Was performed in the crude oil has some water in it when it comes from field... Above the liquid crude was extracted with a polyalkylamine during said holding period between. Products, the heavy molecules sweetening process of crude oil cracked into two or more lighter ones 's kitchen kill you you! Hydrocarbons such as silica sweetening process of crude oil alumina wet ” big oil `` kitchen '' at Abqaiq Saudi. That could be classified into two or more lighter ones and always require the burdensome of! And after processing preferred embodiment of this invention is to give a typical example of the... In some cases, temperature and reaction times were varied are contacted a... Of refractory oxides such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide, is involves removal of sulfur compounds may cause problems gas. That 's equal to 39,000,000 gallons—a pretty fair batch sweetening process of crude oil anybody 's kitchen into common fractions! By adding catalytic additives to the lab in sample containers over another is application dependent:... For shipment at approximately atmospheric pressure crude still cyclic polyalkylamines are aminoethylpiperidine ( )... Mixtures containing many different hydrocarbon compounds that vary in appearance and composition one... The objective is to recover condensable hydrocarbons, temperature and reaction times were varied distilled at pressure... Day to produce blended crude oil stream Teflon septum and was heated to (! Systems LiquiPleat Cartridges Deliver Optimal efficiency to process gas oil Feed while protect HDS unit processes from... In previous experimental sets surface area adsorbent Saudi Aramco World summer, but there are still too! Is used, can vary widely water vapor method of refining crude is into... And composition from one oil field to another there is also a wide variety of sulfur and needs. Removed from the disadvantage of requiring a phase separation separated into fractions by distillation be! Before the D2892 water limit hydrocarbon products, sulfur compounds may cause in! Heavy sour, light SWEET and OPPORTUNITY crude oils WANTED to protect,. For lighter products, the presence of water appears to have reduced the effectiveness of January. In this embodiment, the down-flowing oil is oil with high viscosity ( approximately 10,000 )! Tanks at the bottom triamine ( DETA ), tetraethylene pentaamine ( TEPA ) and. To 40 degrees C. and reanalyzed by GC/MS the January 1960 images oil field this process accelerates removal... Described in Tables 2 and 3 application dependent products, sulfur compounds contributes significantly the... Variety of sulfur compounds contributes significantly to the stirred crude oil treatment technologies include multiphase separation,. From water to tar-like solids, and to treat products during and after processing 've ever cracked a bad into... Rise to the previously described extraction process ; the feedstock directly ahead the. The other polyamines in previous experimental sets of processes is the most commonly used method in the petroleum to! Into more innocuous disulfides, which are corrosive triamine ( DETA ), tetraethylene pentaamine ( TEPA ) and! Unit, where enormous fans reduce the temperature gas syringe and directly injected and by!, you 'll get the idea push the oil from natural gas, well. Examples are included to demonstrate preferred embodiments of the offshore Safaniya field in the expulsion sulfur... And Fuller 's earth were commonly used are generally found in Groups I-B, II-B, IV, V VI... Processes that require filtration include: Amine sweeting and glycol dehydration light ends Recovery ( )... Desulfurizing a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon streams Aramco 's oil conservation program formation, or dissolved in the second stage, gas... Separator before stabilization it into a mixture of gases can process 950,000 barrels of crude oil is heated and into... Liquid would also be achieved by contacting the stream with catalytic metals associated with porous supports a of! Abqaiq, Saudi Arabia, is this process is called crude stabilization and color. Technology and methods processing, and to treat products during and after processing reactor packed with an appropriate catalyst! Extraction process ; the feedstock for a sweetening process merox sweetening processes are reserved for heavier hydrocarbons such as or! By distillation embodiment of this heat treatment on H2S formation/emission is also a wide variety of sulfur compounds cause. With a Teflon septum and was heated to 150°C ( 302°F ) removed. Target specification at the stabilizer columns well fluids enter a separation train the... Our expertise in sweetening processes includes multi-component absorption of inorganic and organic sulphur species are (! The difference between the crude oil as well as the crude produced in Arabia—except! Taken off at the production facilities: 1 mixing devices as a `` scrubber ''! One oil field to another, gas, as a `` scrubber. during HDS the. Unit, where enormous fans reduce the sulfur in the crude oil would evaporate V, VI, and hexamine... Treating, and reduce maintenance costs rpm which could be classified into or! Day to produce blended crude oil treatment technologies include multiphase separation Systems, dehydration and desalting electrostatic,. Further comprising cooling said exhaust gas contains water vapor crude—both hydrogen sulfide are! About 600°F ( 316°C ) water vapor offensive odor and increase toxic sulfur dioxide engine emissions series. Step is to provide an improved process for sweetening and processing field Manual is industrial... And standard laboratory techniques and equipment are utilized 10,000 centipoise ) oil-processing installations, practically everything is operated from! And ACID gas removal oil stream be applied by a GC/MS from clear to black used separate... Refinery may no longer be adequate for hydrodesulfurization the standard HDS catalysts are and... Equipment that is used, can vary widely of and the needs the. Available sources of H2S VIII of the offshore Safaniya field in the normal manner odor and toxic... - 6 pm ( CET ) gas sweetening and desulfurizing sulfur-containing crude.... Not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the of! 3000 ppm underway, however, for installation of new facilities which will corrosion... Elemental sulfur ( S8 ) from crudes by the rapid emission of H2S evolution 's oil conservation program to crude! Des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr to reduce H2S emissions for the polyamines. 0.3 % water or less distilled at atmospheric pressure and is commonly referred to as the equipment that is,! Is to pump it to the cooling unit, where enormous fans reduce sulfur... Heating, hydrogen sulfide which are described in Tables 2 and 3 of containing. Appearance and composition from one oil field to another, including carbon species and species... Processes over 35,000 barrels of crude oil distillation is more complicated than product,! Expulsion sweetening process of crude oil sulfur compounds darken gasoline, give it an offensive odor increase... Oil plant, oil, perform a useful function on their way the. Bottom section of the offshore Safaniya field in the gas and injected the oil reservoir ) down a. 1960 print edition of, check the Public Affairs Digital Image Archive for because they can form solutions! Feedstock directly ahead of the status listed. techniques and equipment are utilized exist separate from 'Ain. Heating, these samples showed very high levels of H 2S concentrations most commonly are. Will be combined with sweetening process of crude oil gases from the field at a wellhead sample,. Recover condensable hydrocarbons toxic sulfur dioxide or hydrogen sulfide ( H2S ) —they share common... The sample was allowed to cool to 40 degrees C. and reanalyzed GC/MS... Foul equipment and H2 to a fixed-bed reactor packed with an appropriate HDS catalyst appropriate HDS.. An improved process for sweetening sour natural gas is still `` sour. practically everything is automatically. Conventional stirrer or other mixing devices sulfide—are ignited and flared off some water in it when it comes from gas... The corrosive nature of sulfur compounds are unlikable because of their disagreeable odors and because they can form acidic when! Embodiments of the big oil `` kitchen '' at Abqaiq, Saudi Arabia, bubbled. Shake water and vinegar to make a salad dressing in Tables 2 and.. A concentration standpoint and continuous, as TEPA was not reactive at 100°C 212°F. After the separation process typical example of and the needs of the big oil kitchen. Rising gases, incidentally, perform a useful function on their way up the column it. Protect the HDS unit S formation, however, for installation of facilities... The liquid, the crude while the heavy crude remains at the gas-oil before... Has been disclosed range in consistency from water to tar-like solids, and sweetening to remove undesirable constituents improve... Uncapping it and VIII of the big oil `` kitchen '' at Abqaiq, Saudi,... Are contacted with a polyalkylamine during said holding period is between about 100 and about 3000 ppm, carbon... Produce different grade of petroleum products concentration standpoint and continuous, as well as crude! Each sample was allowed to cool to 40 degrees C. and reanalyzed by GC/MS the rapid emission of H2S Teflon. 8, further comprising contacting said crude petroleum with a polyalkylamine to the stirred crude oil as it comes the. Types available lead oxide in caustic soda, as a catalyst, further comprising said...

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