hypoparathyroidism and hypothyroidism

Author links open overlay panel Satya Prakash Yadav DNB 1 Anupam Sachdeva MD Satya Prakash Yadav DNB 1 Anupam Sachdeva MD I have been suffering from Hypothyroidism since I was 12 years old and have been diagnosed since 16 years old. Yet, despite this difference, there are similarities between the two medical conditions as well. Hypoparathyroidism vs hyperparathyroidism nursing NCLEX review. Hypoparathyroidism. 1. Hypoparathyroidism is not classified as high-risk unless you also have other conditions on the high list risk. Thyroid storm is an acute complication of hyperthyroidism. Hypoparathyroidism and Hyperparathyroidism Nursing Hypoparathyroidism. You may need to take supplements for life to restore these levels. Hypoparathyroidism resulting from thyroid or parathyroid surgery can become clinically apparent 1-2 days after the procedure or follow the operation by many years. Causes of hypoparathyroidism include: Surgery in the neck that damages the parathyroid glands. If so, youre likely aware your bodys thyroid gland is underactive. Ann Intern Med. A sudden drop in cholesterol can be a warning sign of hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). Hypoparathyroidism is a condition in which the body doesn't make enough parathyroid hormone (PTH), a hormone that regulates the amount of calcium and phosphorus in your body's bones and blood. Hypoparathyroidism is a condition where the function of the parathyroid glands is decreased due to the underproduction of parathyroid hormone. Hypoparathyroidism has wide variety of presentations: from the asymptomatic patient with dramatically low serum calcium to the acutely symptomatic patient with neuromuscular irritability, tetany, painful muscle cramps, stridor, and even seizures with low serum calcium in the accident and emergency department or recovery room. Based on the ATA Surgical Affairs statement, 1 risk factors for post-operative HypoPT are: Simultaneous or sequential bilateral thyroid surgery In pseudohypoparathyroidism, the serum PTH concentration is elevated as a result of resistance to PTH caused by mutations in the PTH receptor system. Rarely it can occur with some inflammatory thyroid diseases, a malignant process, or as a result of medical treatment. Quiz that contains NCLEX questions for hypoparathyroidism vs hyperparathyroidism. Cancer Manag Res . This tiny gland is found in your neck. Autoimmune hypoparathyroidism can exist alone, or as part of a syndrome including diabetes and thyroid gland disease. Calcitonin is widely known to lower the levels of calcium in the blood. The incidence of permanent hypoparathyroidism varies with the extent of the procedure, the surgeon’s experience, and the underlying disease process being treated. If you or your child has hypoparathyroidism, there are a number of effects, and you will have to be very attentive to the treatment in order to prevent complications. The blood calcium level falls, and the phosphorus level rises. Whereas hypothyroidism affects the thyroid gland, HPT impacts one or more parathyroid glands. Thyroid disorders caused by overproduction of thyroid hormones are called hyperthyroidism, and underproduction of these hormones is known as hypothyroidism. Hypoparathyroidism UK. Features newsletters, articles and forum. The diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism is also readily distinguished from secondary causes of hypocalcemia (eg, vitamin D deficiency) in which the PTH level is also high. Diagnosis of Thyroid and Parathyroid Conditions Rhabdomyolysis (when muscle breaks down rapidly) is another rare muscular manifestation of hypothyroidism. HPT and hyperthyroidism can occur at the same time. Hypoparathyroidism is an uncommon condition characterized by a low level of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Thyroid deficiency can affect all body functions and can range from mild, subclinical forms to advanced forms. For those of you who don't know me, long story short I was misdiagnosed for several years. Currently, the standard treatment for hypoparathyroidism consists of activated vitamin D (calcitriol) and calcium supplements. Surgical removal of the thyroid, a procedure called a thyroidectomy, is frequently performed to treat thyroid cancer. Individuals may feel different symptoms in different ways and will often have their own (quite narrow) individual range within the normal reference range where they feel symptom free. This most common cause of hypoparathyroidism develops after accidental damage to or removal of the parathyroid glands during surgery. 2017. They do this by producing parathyroid hormone (PTH). Hyperthyroidism is basically the opposite of hypothyroidism. Thyroid disease and cholesterol levels are closely related. With hypoparathyroidism, “hypo” refers to under, and “parathyroid” refers to the parathyroid glands, so hypoparathyroidism refers to a condition where there is an underproduction of parathyroid hormone.. Parathyroid hormone comes from the parathyroid glands which are buried within the thyroid gland, and their main job is to keep blood calcium levels stable. mental health issues or other autoimmune conditions), then these should be discussed with your doctor, occupational health and employer. LOW […] Hypoparathyroidism is a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too little levels of hormone known as parathormone. Laboratory Studies. Hypoparathyroidism can be linked to other health problems, such as cataracts, Addison disease (problems with your adrenal glands), and pernicious anemia (low vitamin B12 levels). Hyperthyroidism, in this case, can be with or without enlargement of the thyroid gland. Very rarely, there are inherited forms of hypoparathyroidism due to genetic causes. Hypoparathyroidism and hypothyroidism. Hypoparathyroidism is a condition where the body does not produce sufficient parathyroid hormone or PTH. The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is injury to the parathyroid glands, such as during head and neck surgery. Parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands that are located in the neck behind the thyroid gland. This makes blood calcium levels fall (hypocalcaemia) and blood phosphorus levels rise (hyperphosphataemia), which can cause a wide range of symptoms, including muscle cramps, pain and twitching. Cleveland Clinic … Thyroid surgeons must employ strategies for minimizing and preventing post-thyroidectomy hypoPT. Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disease. Typical thyroid conditions are: multinodular goiter (enlarged thyroid), hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. Hypothyroidism is the most common type of thyroid disorder. hypoparathyroidism occur due to low levels of calcium in the blood. Hypoparathyroidism is the most common complication after total thyroidectomy. This is known as congenital hypothyroidism. Hypoparathyroidism occurs when the glands produce too little PTH. What is hypoparathyroidism? Thyroid hormones help control body temperature, heart rate, and how your child gains or loses weight. Hypoparathyroidism . The symptoms of hypothyroidism can replicate those associated with HPT. A healthy diet helps, too. Last Updated on April 10, 2019. Identification and in situ preservation of at least three parathyroid glands were associated with a lower rate of postoperative hypocalcemia (30.4%) and permanent postoperative hypoparathyroidism (2.79%). Therefore, hypoparathyroidism will result in low calcium levels, which can cause a variety of symptoms. These symptoms are frustrating. Lifestyle Changes. The Thyroid, a gland that is located just in front of the windpipe in the neck, plays a role in cellular metabolism. Hypoparathyroidism results from reduced secretion of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid glands. But it is rare to get both of these conditions at the same time. There are no symptoms caused by hypoparathyroidism (low parathyroid hormone levels). Acquired hypoparathyroidism (Acquired hypothyroidism is a condition that develops when your child's thyroid gland makes little or no thyroid hormone. 1 doctor agrees 0 Signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism include. In a few babies, the thyroid does not develop or does not form the thyroid hormones properly. to normalize levels of calcium and phosphorus in your body. It’s a good indicator of a poorly functioning gut. Autoimmune hypoparathyroidism , as the name suggests, is an immune-mediated reaction where the body’s immune system targets the parathyroid gland. Hypothyroidism, Hypoparathyroidism and Kidney Pain Layny. Hypoparathyroidism is a rare condition where the parathyroid glands, which are in the neck near the thyroid gland, produce too little parathyroid hormone. The symptoms you feel are caused by hypocalcaemia (low calcium levels) or hypercalcamia (high calcium levels). Calcium and vitamin D supplements can keep hypoparathyroidism in check. However, patients who are treated with radioactive iodine for Grave’s disease are at a higher risk of developing hyperparathyroidism. the state of decreased secretion or activity of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Severe hypothyroidism may result in myxedema coma, in which a drastic drop in the metabolic rate causes decreased vital signs, hypoventilation (possibly leading to respiratory acidosis), and nonpitting edema. Neck surgery may be done to treat conditions of the thyroid gland, or to treat throat or neck cancer. *Hypoparathyroidism facts by John P. Cunha, DO, FACOEP. These glands produce parathyroid hormone Parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels typically rise within one month following surgery, as parathyroid function returns. PMID: 5094082 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] MeSH Terms It may also be caused by any of the following: Autoimmune attack on the parathyroid glands (common) It is a common cause of hypoparathyroidism, because the parathyroid glands can be accidentally damaged or removed. Hypoparathyroidism can be an inherited condition but can also be seen after parathyroid or thyroid gland surgery. Hypoparathyroidism is … Primary hypoparathyroidism is defined by a low concentration of PTH with a concomitant low calcium level. They are very small—the size of peas. This in turn leads to an abnormal lowering of calcium levels in the blood. These hormones have a large number of functions to play in the body and have an impact on every single cell. Hypoparathyroidism: In hypoparathyroidism, calcium reabsorption from the bones is depressed. It means your thyroid gland is not active enough. Hypoparathyroidism is a deficiency of parathyroid hormone often caused by an autoimmune disorder or by iatrogenic damage or removal of the glands during thyroidectomy or parathyroidectomy. Primary hypoparathyroidism, also known as congenital hypoparathyroidism, is when the disease occurs … Everyone has … It occurs when the thyroid is overactive, producing too much thyroid hormone. I have hypothyroidism, but still don't seem to feel normal on thyroid meds also I have all the symptoms for hypoparathyroidism twitch lips and eye ect? Hypothyroidism - which is the lack of production of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland #2. Hypoparathyroidism means the parathyroid glands produce too little PTH. Read more about treatments for hypoparathyroidism. Disorders of the parathyroid glands include hypoparathyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, and parathyroid tumors. Now I am 35 years old and in early December awoke one morning to pains in my right kidney. tingling or … 2. Definition: low secretion of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid gland. In the previous NCLEX review series, I explained thyroid gland disorders, such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism and how they affect the body along with nursing interventions. Responsible for the metabolism of calcium and phosphorous, calcitonin is produced mostly in the C-cells or the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. Hypoparathyroidism is a rare condition that occurs when the parathyroid glands in the neck don’t produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is injury to the parathyroid glands during thyroid or neck surgery. The cause of secondary hypothyroidism is failure of the pituitary gland to secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Transcribed image text: If you were to cut out all iodine from your diet, it could potentially lead to hypoglycemia hypocalcemia O hypothyroidism hypoparathyroidism O hypoxemia The epithalamus, hypothalamus, and the thalamus are a part of what area in the brain? Our literature is reviewed every two years and revised if necessary. Wang YH, Bhandari A, Yang F, et al. PTH is responsible for the regulation of phosphorus and calcium levels in your body. Causes include: Contents. An underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) doesn't produce enough hormone. Hypoparathyroidism occurs when the glands produce too little PTH. disorder caused by the parathyroid glands in the neck producing too little (hypo) parathyroid hormone" can be caused when the parathyroid glands do not produce enough parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates the amount of calcium and phosphorus in bone and blood. In that 4 year span I experienced what I believed all the symptoms, to their extremes. After complete removal of the thyroid glands (total thyroidectomy), the risk of permanent hypoparathyroidism is between 1% to 3%. In children, it is most often due to an inherited disorder. Congenital hypoparathyroidism, which can be present at birth or appear in early childhood, may be caused by a genetic variant or mutation . Hypoparathyroidism occurs when the body does not produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). Prevalence of Hypoparathyroidism in Children and Young Adults with Thalassemia Major. The laboratory tests in subclinical hypothyroidism usually show high TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone secreted by the pituitary and stimulated by the hypothalamus glands in the brain) but normal freeT3 (active thyroid hormone not bound to a protein carrier) and freeT4 (inactive prohormone) in the circulating blood in subclinical syndromes. Symptoms of hypoparathyroidism are due to hypocalcemia and include tingling in the hands or around the mouth and muscle cramps. Hypoparathyroidism is a rare condition that is often part of a syndrome characterized by multiple systemic problems. In fact, in a significant portion of the population, the parathyroid glands are found inside, or part of, the thyroid gland itself. The objective of this American Thyroid Association Surgical Affairs Committee Statement is to provide an overview of its diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Thyroid disease and Type 1 diabetes. In adults, hypoparathyroidism can lead to kidney problems, heart problems, and calcium deposits in the brain. Calcium in the brain can cause tremors, slowed movement, balance problems, and seizures. ; Hypothyroidism also commonly occurs in patients with previous hypothyroidism that has been treated with radioiodine or antithyroid medications or thyroidectomy. The reason for this sex difference remains unclear, but it may be in part because autoimmune diseases are more common in women and Hashimoto’s disease is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States. In severe causes, tetany occurs. The gland is responsible for secreting two primary hormones, including Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine 1.. And Hyperthyroidism - which is the excessive production of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland. But with the right treatment plan, they can become manageable. Hypoparathyroidism may result from inadvertent removal of the parathyroid glands or vascular damage, including devascularization. Hypoparathyroidism is defined as a condition in which a decreased secretion of PTH is accompanied by hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. This causes the levels of calcium in your blood to rise, a condition known as hypercalcemia. Background: Hypoparathyroidism (hypoPT) is the most common complication following bilateral thyroid operations. Thyroid disease can be up to eight times more likely in women than men, according to Papaleontiou. Presents with HYPOcalcemia and HYPERphosphatemia (due to the role of PTH on the bones and kidneys…PTH is unable to stimulate them to increase calcium levels in the blood) Causes of Hypoparathyroidism If the gland is underactive, it may not make enough thyroid hormone. This causes blood calcium levels to fall (hypocalcaemia) and blood phosphorus levels to rise (hyperphosphataemia). After being told I needed surgery immediately, I had surgery to remove my entire thyroid because it was cancerous, as were many lymph nodes. an endocrine gland that produces hormones that regulate the metabolism of the body while parathyroid gland is an endocrine gland that produces hormones that control the calcium ion levels in the blood. There are usually 4 parathyroid glands in the neck and they located next to the thyroid, with 2 glands on each side. Other causes of parathyroid deficiency include tumors and heavy metal poisoning. PTH is made by four small parathyroid glands located in the neck, behind the thyroid gland. Hypothyroidism results from suboptimal levels of thyroid hormone. the easiest to understand, and it accounts for more than 99% of ALL patients with too little parathyroid hormone. Cretinism is a form of hypothyroidism that occurs in infants. Rarely, hypothyroidism can cause more severe muscle symptoms. Blood calcium levels fall, and phosphorus levels rise. Thyroid hormones play an important role in normal growth and development of children.) Yep, This hormone is made in 4 or 5 parathyroid glands, located behind the thyroid tissue in the neck area. Hypoparathyroidism is decreased function of the parathyroid glands with underproduction of parathyroid hormone.This can lead to low levels of calcium in the blood, often causing cramping and twitching of muscles or tetany (involuntary muscle contraction), and several other symptoms. Revised: 2011, 2015, 2018. The prevalence of hypoparathyroidism in cohorts of patients with thalassemia undergoing chronic transfusions and iron chelation therapy varies from approximately 10–24%. Risk factors for hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism following thyroidectomy: a retrospective Chinese population study. Hypothyroidism. Often caused by “accidental” removal of the parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery. An overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) produces too much hormone. It results in hypocalcemia. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first case report of secondary hemochromatosis presenting as hypoparathyroidism and hypothyroidism. 1. However, if the calcium is difficult to control or there are other relevant issues (e.g. Calcitonin: The Thyroid Hormone for Calcium Regulation. an uncommon condition in which your body produces abnormally low levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Its job is to make thyroid hormone. Hypoparathyroidism affects males and females in equal numbers. The incidence and prevalence of hypoparathyroidism in the general population are unknown. There are approximately 70,000 people with hypoparathyroidism in the United States. Hypoparathyroidism can affect individuals of any age. And youre probably all too familiar with some of the associated symptoms like tiredness, constipation, and forgetfulness. A study demonstrated an overall prevalence of 13.4% of thyroid diseases in people with diabetes with the highest prevalence in type 1 females with diabetes (31.4%). Autoimmune disease. Hypoparathyroidism happens when 1 or more of your parathyroid glands are not active enough. We treat the following parathyroid disorders: Hypoparathyroidism occurs when the body does not produce enough PTH hormone and calcium levels fall below normal. This type of hypoparathyroidism may also be seen with the use of radioactive iodine used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland). She was admitted for asymptomatic hypocalcaemia and diagnosed with secondary hemochromatosis accompanied by hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, hepatic dysfunction, and cardiac dysfunction. A malfunction of the pituitary gland (a gland in the brain that regulates the thyroid hormones) Radiation for head and neck cancers (not common in the UK) Sometimes hypothyroidism is present from birth. They don’t make enough parathyroid hormone. Were you recently diagnosed with hypothyroidism? 1 doctor answer • 2 doctors weighed in 12 weeks pregnant. Treating thyroid disease can correct cholesterol levels. High cholesterol ( hyperlipidemia ) is linked to hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). Primary hyperparathyroidism. Low alkaline phosphatase levels have been connected to hypothyroidism, Hashimoto’s, and some other autoimmune conditions as well. You can think of these conditions as polar opposites from one another. Hypoparathyroidism is a chronic illness that greatly impairs patient’s quality of life and ongoing treatment can be challenging. Thyroid disease does not cause diabetes no more than diabetes causes thyroid disease, but we will examine the link between the two in detail. Secondary hyperparathyroidism. ... To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first case report in Korea of hypoparathyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism due to iron deposition in the parathyroid and thyroid gland. Parathyroid hormone. Hyperparathyroidism is a condition in which one or more of your parathyroid glands become overactive and release (secrete) too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). Hypoparathyroidism is an uncommon endocrine deficiency disease resulting from decreased function of the parathyroid glands, with underproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Factors that can cause hypoparathyroidism include: Neck surgery. 1971 Oct;75(4):647-8. Symptoms may include unintentional weight gain or loss, persistent fatigue, palpitations, and sensitivity to hot or cold temperatures. Surgery in the neck area, involving the thyroid gland or parathyroid gland or surgery to remove cancer in the neck, can damage the parathyroid glands. How common is hypoparathyroidism? All other causes of hypoparathyroidism are very rare. In hypoparathyroidism, circulating concentrations of active vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3) and bone turnover markers are usually in the lower normal range (16, 17, 29, 30). When hypoparathyroidism occurs, it is often accompanied by other endocrinopathies such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, osteoporosis, and hypogonadism (91– 98). Hypothyroidism can usually be easily treated with thyroid hormone medicine, typically levothyroxine, which is identical to the main thyroid hormone made by the thyroid gland. The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is injury to the parathyroid glands during thyroid or neck surgery. Hypoparathyroidism may lead to the development of a rare neurological disorder manifesting with seizures, a case study reveals. Defining Hypoparathyroidism and Concomitant Risk Factors. But what’s causing it is not always straightforward. This can cause hypocalcemia or low levels of calcium in the blood. Hypoparathyroidism. Hypoparathyroidism (also known as Hypopara or HPTH) is a rare disorder in which insufficient levels of parathyroid hormone lead to low levels of calcium. Hypoparathyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism with secondary hemochromatosis. Separating the thyroid from the parathyroid is a convenient simplification in modern medicine, but obviously, glands that are part of the thyroid gland do not function independently from the parent gland. In fact, common symptoms of hypothyroidism and HPT include: Hypoparathyroidism is usually treated with a special … Treatment. "People with hypothyroidism often have gained quite a bit of weight before their diagnosis," says nutrition coach Cheryl Harris, RD. The study, “ A Case of Seizure Revealing Fahr’s Syndrome with Primary Hypoparathyroidism, ” was published in the American Journal of Case Reports. Goldsmith RE. The British Association of Endocrine and Thyroid Surgeons - the representative body of British surgeons who have a specialist interest in surgery of the endocrine glands (thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal) www.baets.org.uk. Transient hypoparathyroidism and hypocalcemia are quite common after total thyroidectomy, and may result from a rapid reduction in thyroid-mediated bone resorption, or from temporary insult to the parathyroid gland. Common causes of hyperthyroidism include: Graves' disease, a common autoimmune condition that stimulates the thyroid hormones T4 and T3 Diencephalon Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebrum Cerebellum The concept known as upregulation would lead to a cell decreases … Hypoparathyroidism is a condition in which the body cannot produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands.Depending on what causes the disease, hypoparathyroidism is categorized as primary or secondary.. Primary hypoparathyroidism. In 70-90% of the patients with hyperthyroidism, there is an increase in the thyroid volume. Hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism may also follow endocrine glands' damages due to autoimmunity or chronic iron overload in thalassemic disorders, both genetically determined conditions. One example is Hoffman's syndrome, in which a person develops diffuse muscle hypertrophy (enlarged muscles) leading to significant muscle stiffness, weakness, and pain. Hypoparathyroidism is most commonly the result of parathyroid or thyroid surgery during which most or all functioning parathyroid tissue has been removed or damaged. Parathyroid glands are four small glands which lie behind the butterfly-shaped thyroid gland in your neck. PTH helps control calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D levels in the blood and bone. Metabolic changes include hypocalcemia (6-7 mg/dl), hyperphosphatemia (may be double) and hypocalciuria. The parathyroid glands help control calcium use and removal by the body. Hypoparathyroidism is the disease caused by a lack of PTH. First issued: 2008. Hyperparathyroidism. It may also be caused by any of the following: Autoimmune attack on the parathyroid glands (common) Patients with post-surgical hypoparathyroidism are more likely to be symptomatic if they were vitamin D deficient or hypercalcemic prior to the surgery. Finally, besides PTH deficiency, hypocalcemia can be due to PTH resistance in pseudohypoparathyroidism; when hormone resistance is generalized, patients can suffer from hypothyroidism … It is a very rare disease. This can lead to hypocalcemia and associated cramping, muscle twitching, or tetany. 2 . Is hypoparathyroidism inherited? This is circulated in your blood and stored in your bones. Unlike most other hormonal deficits, hypoparathyroidism is not treated with replacement of the missing hormone, parathyroid hormone (PTH). It does so by stopping osteoclast activity in the bone. The terms hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism describe two problems that can arise in the thyroid gland – a small, butterfly-shaped structure in … Hypoparathyroidism: Hypoparathyroidism is due to parathyroid hormone deficiency.The symptoms of this disease are due to low calcium resulting in tetany muscle twitching. Calcium requirements increase in pregnancy to meet the needs of the … Inherited hypoparathyroidism can also be caused by inherited problems with the gene that is needed for the body to make parathyroid hormone. There are 4 tiny parathyroid glands in the neck, near or attached to the back side of the thyroid gland. In July 2012, I was diagnosed with metastatic thyroid cancer, hypothyroidism, and Hashimoto's disease. Permanent hypoparathyroidism is associated with an increased risk of renal failure, cardiovascular disease, fractures, cataract, and overall mortality [].The risk of postsurgical hypoparathyroidism is lower when thyroidectomy is performed by high-volume experienced surgeons. National organisation working to benefit all people with hypoparathyroidism and other rare parathyroid conditions. The blood calcium level falls, and the phosphorus level rises. The parathyroid glands are located behind the thyroid, in your neck. This lowers the level of calcium in your blood. The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is damage to the glands during thyroid surgery. Hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathryoidism are endocrine disorders of the parathyroid gland.

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