wolsey royal almoner

... Royal Almoner, give left-over food to the poor. In spite of having many enemies, Wolsey retained Henry VIII's confidence until Henry decided to seek an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so that he could marry Anne Boleyn. In 1524 and 1527 Wolsey used his powers as papal legate to dissolve 30 decayed monasteries where monastic life had virtually ceased in practice, some in Ipswich and Oxford. After Nanfan's death in 1507, Wolsey entered the service of King Henry VII. His father, who is thought to have been a butcher, provided a good education and he went on to Magdalen College, Oxford. At the Calais Conference Wolsey signed the Secret Treaty of Bruges (1521) with Charles V, stating that England would join Spain in a war against France if France refused to sign the peace treaty and ignoring the Anglo-French treaty of 1518. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Cardinal-Wolsey, Luminarium Encyclopedia - Biography of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, Heritage History - Biography of Thomas Wolsey, Cardinal Wolsey - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). He also had a key role in negotiating the Anglo-French treaty of 7 August 1514, which secured a temporary peace between the two nations. [32] Following his rapid promotion, Larke became a source of embarrassment to Wolsey, who arranged for her marriage to George Legh of Adlington, in Cheshire, circa 1519. Wolsey then proposed an alliance with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire against France. He delayed his decision as long as possible, infuriating Henry and Anne Boleyn, who began to doubt Wolsey's loyalty to the Crown over the Church. Wolsey's relationship with Rome was also ambivalent. That is, diplomacy could sometimes postpone war, but could not prevent wars based on irreconcilable interests and ambitions. This led Wolsey to devise the Amicable Grant, which was met with even more hostility, and ultimately led to his downfall. In 1514 he was made Bishop of Lincoln, and then Archbishop of York in the same year. But Wolsey managed to assert English influence by other means. THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT IS ISSUED BY THE PRESS SECRETARY TO THE QUEEN 15 February 2013 The Queen has been pleased to appoint the Right Reverend Dr John Inge, Bishop of Worcester, to be Lord High Almoner to Her Majesty on the retirement of the Right Reverend Nigel McCulloch. We used the research we had done for homework and tried to organise our ideas into points which suggested that Wolsey was a loyal servant to Henry and those that suggested that he was in fact behaving like a king - an Alter Rex. Despite making promises to reform the bishoprics of England and Ireland, and, in 1519, encouraging monasteries to embark on a programme of reform, he did nothing to bring about these changes. In great distress, he set out for the capital with his personal chaplain, Edmund Bonner. He became quarter-master general of war against France in 1512–3. “Wolsey was an equal (Alter Rex) to his majesty King Henry VIII” How far do the sources agree with the statement? Corrections? Wolsey attended Ipswich School and Magdalen College School before studying theology at Magdalen College, Oxford. Upon his succession, the young monarch appointed Wolsey as royal almoner, or distributor of alms for the poor. Wolsey was confident of the decision, but Campeggio took a long time to arrive, and when he finally did, he delayed proceedings so much that the case had to be suspended in July 1529, effectively sealing Wolsey's fate. He was recalled to London to answer to charges of treason—charges Henry commonly used against ministers who fell out of his favour—but died on the way from natural causes. In 1518 Wolsey was made Papal Legate in England, enabling him to realise Leo's desire for peace by organising the Treaty of London. Third, Wolsey wanted Clement to let the final decision be made in England, which, as papal legate, he would supervise.[23]. His energy and self-confidence soon won him the favour of Henry VII’s son and successor, Henry VIII (reigned 1509–47). For much of the time, Henry VIII had complete confidence in him, and as Henry's interests inclined more towards foreign policy, he was willing to give Wolsey free rein in reforming the management of domestic affairs, for which Wolsey had grand plans. He believed God had cursed him for the sin of marrying the widow of his elder brother, and that the papal dispensation for that marriage was invalid because it was based upon the claim that Catherine was still a virgin after her first husband's death. An alternative hypothesis is that Campeggio was kept waiting until Wolsey received his legacy, thus asserting Wolsey's attachment to Rome. They considered him an outsider due to peasant origins. Thomas Wolsey was born in Ipswich, Suffolk, around 1475. Under Francis I, France adopted the Italian system in the 1520s and had a corps of resident envoys by the 1530s, when the title of “envoy extraordinary” gained currency, originally for special ceremonial…, …the accusations reportedly made against Thomas Wolsey, the cardinal and lord chancellor who fell from favour in 1529, was that he planned to introduce Roman law into England; Wolsey did appoint many clergy to the Council of the North and as justices of the peace. On 10 March 1498 he was ordained as a priest in Marlborough, Wiltshire,[3] and remained in Oxford, first as the Master of Magdalen College School, and soon the dean of divinity. Of humble origin, Thomas Wolsey became the principal figure in affairs of state for many years during the reign of King Henry VIII of England before falling into disgrace. Became Lord Chancellor and Henry's chief minister and a cardinal. Wolsey eventually ordered all minor cases out of the Star Chamber in 1528. If these works had been completed as planned, they would be among Europe's largest, most elaborate, and grandest tombs. Wolsey also used his courts to tackle national controversies, such as the pressing issue of enclosures. The Royal Almonry is a small office within the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom, headed by the Lord High Almoner, an office dating from 1103.The Lord High Almoner is a diocesan bishop of the Church of England. He is far from forgotten in the town of Ipswich, an appeal, Cardinal Wolsey's bust was used in the 1980s above the, Bernard, G. W. "The fall of Wolsey reconsidered. 1514: Took Thomas More into his service to look after his revenue. They also resented the Act of Resumption of 1486, by which Henry VII had resumed possession of all lands granted by the crown since 1455. Three years later the pope appointed him a special papal representative with the title legate a latere. The current… As well as his State duties, Wolsey simultaneously attempted to exert his influence over the Church in England. Furthermore, Wolsey's peace initiatives prevented a crusade to the Holy Land, which was the catalyst for the Pope's desire for European peace.[13]. It was Nanfan’s recommendation a few years later that made his transfer to the royal household possible, and he started working as a chaplain for King Henry VII. Thomas Wolsey [1] (c. March 1473 [2] – 29 November 1530) was an English archbishop, statesman and a cardinal of the Catholic Church.When Henry VIII became King of England in 1509, Wolsey became the King's almoner. From the king's perspective, his greatest failure was an inability to get a divorce when Henry wanted a new wife to give him a son who would be the undisputed heir to the throne. The college originally founded and planned by Wolsey and refounded by Henry VIII (Christ Church) remains the largest and grandest of all Oxford colleges. The Lord High Almoner is usually a diocesan bishop or high cleric of the Church of England.The current holder of the office is the Bishop of Worcester, the Right Reverend John Inge. He had invested enormous sums in bribing the electorate to elect him emperor, and thus used the Treaty of London as a justification for the Habsburg-Valois conflict. This revolutionary form of tax was based upon accurate valuations of the taxpayer's wealth, where one shilling was taken per pound from the income. Until 1511, Wolsey was adamantly antiwar, but when the king expressed his enthusiasm for an invasion of France, Wolsey adapted his views to the king's and gave persuasive speeches to the Privy Council in favour of war. After the bad harvest of 1527, Wolsey bought up surplus grain and sold it off cheaply to the needy. Landowners were forced to enclose land and convert to pastoral farming, which brought in more profit. Stripped of all his offices and preferments except York, he left London for York in April 1530. [29] Wolsey subsequently had two children, both before he was made bishop: a son, Thomas Wynter (born circa 1510),[30] and a daughter, Dorothy (born circa 1512),[31] both of whom lived to adulthood. Background The Lord High Almoner is appointed by Letters Patent under the Great Seal, and it is his duty 1515. [15] Following Louis's death, she secretly married Suffolk, with Francis I's assistance, which prevented another marriage alliance. 1515 and a Cardinal is one of the highest ranking positions in the church. The old fixed tax of 15ths and 10ths meant that those who earned very little had to pay almost as much as the wealthy. Wolsey's affairs prospered, and by 1514 he was the controlling figure in virtually all matters … Widespread traditions identify his father as a butcher; his modest origin became a topic of criticism later, when he amassed wealth and power critics thought more befitting a member of the high nobility. After the Amicable Grant failed, the minions began to undermine him again. In the end, abandoned by the king, Wolsey was charged with treason, but died of natural causes before he could be beheaded.[25][26]. He was willing to give Wolsey a try. …young sovereign enjoyed his inheritance, Thomas Wolsey collected titles—archbishop of York in 1514, lord chancellor and cardinal legate in 1515, and papal legate for life in 1524. Garrett Mattingly, who has studied the causes of wars in that era, found that treaties of nonaggression such as this one could never be stronger than their sponsors' armies. Historian John Guy explains Wolsey's methods: Only in the broadest respects was [the king] taking independent decisions. What was lacking, Mattingly concludes, was a neutral power whose judgements were generally accepted either by impartial justice or by overwhelming force. He retreated to York to fulfil his ecclesiastical duties as archbishop, a position he nominally held but had neglected during his years in government. When mass riots broke out in East Anglia, which should have been under the control of the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, Henry was quick to denounce the Amicable Grant, and began to lose faith in Wolsey. Established 1755, Wolsey is the Oldest British Menswear Brands built on design and quality. When Henry VIII became King of England in 1509, Wolsey became the King's almoner. This put England at the forefront of European diplomacy and drew her out of isolation, making her a desirable ally. This pattern repeated in many of Wolsey's other initiatives, particularly his quest to abolish enclosure. He exercised a degree of power never before wielded by king or minister, for, as lord chancellor and cardinal legate, he united in…, By the 1520s Thomas Cardinal Wolsey, Henry VIII’s chancellor, had created an English diplomatic service. In 1519, when Charles V ascended to the throne of the Holy Roman Emperor, King Francis I of France was infuriated. Though England was not part of it, the League was organised in part by Wolsey with papal support. When Warham resigned as Lord Chancellor in 1515, probably under pressure from Wolsey and the king, Henry appointed Wolsey in his place.[11]. In that position, he enjoyed great freedom and was often depicted as an alter rex (other king). In 1525, after Charles V had abandoned England as an ally, Wolsey began to negotiate with France, and the Treaty of the More was signed, during Francis I's captivity, with the Regent of France—his mother, Louise of Savoy.[20]. England formed an alliance with Julius, King Ferdinand V of Spain, and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor against King Louis XII of France. Catherine had no further pregnancies after 1519; Henry began annulment proceedings in 1527.[22]. Thomas, Cardinal Wolsey, (born c. 1475, Ipswich, Suffolk, Eng.—died Nov. 29, 1530, Leicester, Leicestershire), cardinal and statesman who dominated the government of England’s King Henry VIII from 1515 to 1529. Thomas Wolsey was an English political figure and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. They were cautious and conservative, advising the king to act as a careful administrator like his father. Though the Treaty of London was an elaboration on Pope Leo's ambitions for European peace, it was seen in Rome as a vain attempt by England to assert her influence over Europe and steal some papal thunder. Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggio, who represented the Pope at the Treaty of London, was kept waiting for many months in Calais before being allowed to cross the Channel and join the festivities in London in what may have been a display by Wolsey of his independence of Rome. In December 1515 Wolsey became lord chancellor of England. On 10 March 1498 he was ordained as a priest in Marlborough, Wiltshire, and remained in Oxfor… However, it was under Henry VIII that Wolsey’s career really took off. Pope Leo X created him Cardinal Saint-Cecilia-beyond-Tiber in 1515. Henry often receives credit for artistic patronage that properly belongs to Wolsey.[28]. [3] Wolsey's affairs prospered, and by 1514 he had become the controlling figure in virtually all matters of state. With France and Spain vying for England's allegiance, Wolsey could choose the ally that better suited his policies. Those found to be charging too much were prosecuted by the Chamber. Was willing to take on the mundane tasks of government . He travelled to Yorkshire for the first time in his career, but at Cawood in North Yorkshire, he was accused of treason and ordered to London by Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland. ... royal authority and government in the 1530s (and tudor revolution) opposition to religious; Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. He provided the dowry. He also raised considerable capital through other means, such as "benevolences", and enforced loans from the nobility, which yielded £200,000 in 1522. The first priority for both Wolsey and Henry was to make England the arbiter of power in Europe. Appointed royal almoner in November 1509, Wolsey easily persuaded the pleasure-loving young monarch to surrender more and more of the unwelcome cares of state. Wolsey's failure to secure the annulment directly caused his downfall and arrest. But it was not until towards the end of 1511 that Wolsey became a privy councillor and secured a controlling voice in the government. Following the success of the English campaign in France and the peace negotiations that followed, Wolsey's ecclesiastical career advanced further: in 1523 he became Bishop of Durham, a post with wide political powers, and thus became known as Prince-Bishop of Durham. It was Wolsey who almost invariably calculated the available options and ranked them for royal consideration; who established the parameters of each successive debate; who controlled the flow of official information; who selected the king's secretaries, middle-ranked officials, and JPs; and who promulgated decisions himself had largely shaped, if not strictly taken. ", Thomas Cocke, “'The Repository of Our English Kings': The Henry VII Chapel as Royal Mausoleum.”, Jonathan Foyle, “A Reconstruction of Thomas Wolsey’s Great Hall at Hampton Court Palace,”. King Henry VIII made Wolsey his almoner immediately on his accession, and the receipt of some half-dozen further ecclesiastical preferments in the first two years of the reign marks his growth in royal favor. In the 13th century, almoners were attached to the French court to distribute the royal alms, and in 1486 the office of grand almoner of France was established. Almoner, originally, an officer responsible for distributing alms to the poor, usually connected with a religious house or other institution but also a position with some governments. Many powerful men who had felt invincible under the law found themselves convicted; for example, in 1515, the Earl of Northumberland was sent to Fleet Prison and in 1516 Lord Abergavenny was accused of illegal retaining. This reduced the members of the Privy Council from 12 to six, removing Henry's friends such as Sir William Compton and Nicholas Carew. On Henry’s recommendation Pope Leo X made him bishop of Lincoln (February 1514), archbishop of York (September 1514), and cardinal (1515). Their dislikes and mistrusts partly stemmed from Wolsey's excessive demands for money in the form of the Subsidy or benevolences. Henry was an intelligent man, but he was like most kings in that he preferred the pleasurable aspects of rule to the routine of business. Second, Wolsey objected to the dispensation on technical grounds, claiming it was incorrectly worded. Pope Leo X made him a cardinal in 1515, with the titular church of St Cecilia in Trastevere. Since 1527, Wolsey's desire to secure an annulment for his master had dictated his foreign policy, and by 1529 none of his endeavours had succeeded. In 1528 Clement decided to allow two papal legates to decide the outcome in England: Wolsey and Campeggio. In October Wolsey was indicted on a praemunire charge of having overstepped his legatine authority. Wolsey oversaw tombs for Henry's VIII's parents at Westminster Abbey and negotiated contracts for Henry VIII's tomb as well as one for himself. In 1930 Wolsey was commemorated in Ipswich with a substantial Pageant Play. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [24] As long as he was in the king's favour, Wolsey had great freedom in domestic matters, and had his hand in nearly every aspect of them. A convenient justification for going to war came in 1511 in the form of a plea for help from Pope Julius II, who was beginning to feel threatened by France. The closeness between England and Rome can be seen in the formulation of the League of Cognac in 1526. Wolsey's Patronage of Italian Renaissance Sculpture,” in, Simon Thurley, “The Domestic Building Works of Cardinal Wolsey,” in, This page was last edited on 16 December 2020, at 15:14. But Wolsey embraced Italian-inspired classicism nearly half a century before Seymour, though more theoretically than visually. Due to his striking intelligence and organizational skills, Thomas moved up in ranks of the church rather quickly, starting as a chaplain with the archbishop of Canterbury, and then beginning the reign as royal almoner to King Henry VII. After he made justice accessible to all and encouraged more people to bring cases to court, the system was abused. Quizlet is a lightning fast way to learn vocabulary. Less than three months later, he died and was succeeded by the young and ambitious Francis I. Clement faced a dilemma: he would anger either Charles or Henry. In 1508 King Henry VII ordained Wolsey to undertake several diplomatic missionson continental Europe. It was partly this peace treaty that caused conflict between France and Spain. The countryside had been thrown into discord by the entrepreneurial actions of landlords enclosing areas of land and converting from arable farming to pastoral farming, requiring fewer workers. He built a great fortune for himself and was a major benefactor of arts, humanities and education. [30] Henry VIII had a mansion built for Legh at Cheshunt Great House. [27] These lands had passed onto his heir, Henry VIII. With the new income tax the poorer members of society paid much less. It was there that the young Wolsey decided to devote his life to God and joined the church. [13], The first English campaign against France proved unsuccessful, partly due to the unreliability of the alliance with Ferdinand. 1473. Wolsey gained a degree to become a priest at Oxford. It was rumoured that Anne Boleyn and her faction convinced Henry that Wolsey was deliberately slowing proceedings; as a result, he was arrested in 1529, and the Pope decided that the official decision should be made in Rome, not England. As a legal administrator Wolsey reinvented the equity court, where the verdict was decided by the judge on the principle of "fairness". Thomas Wolsey was born in March 1471 in Ipswich (Suffolk) to Robert Wolsey and Joan Daundy. [4] In 1502, he became a chaplain to Henry Deane, archbishop of Canterbury, who died the following year. The courts became overloaded with incoherent, tenuous cases, which would have been far too expensive to have rambled on in the Common Law courts. Responsibilities: He was made the royal almoner (responsible for charitable giving) and royal counsellor in 1509. His motivation has been attributed to his determination to have a son and heir, and to his desire for Anne Boleyn, one of his wife's maids-of-honour. Nevertheless, he did at least propose some monastic reforms and even suppressed about 29 monasteries, mainly to obtain the revenues that he needed to found Cardinal’s College (later Christ Church) at the University of Oxford. Thomas Wolsey (born between 1471 and 1476 at Ipswich, Suffolk; died 29 November 1530) was an English statesman and archbishop.He was made a cardinal in 1515. Meanwhile, a turnover of rulers in Europe threatened to diminish England's influence. In 1507 Wolsey was given the position of royal chaplain to Henry VII and when Henry VIII came to the throne in 1509 Wolsey became royal almoner (a priest in charge of distributing assistance or alms to the poor). Wolsey made careful moves to destroy or neutralise other courtiers' influence. Under Henry VIII’s recommendation, Wolsey was later made Bishop of Lincoln in 1514, Archbishop of York in 1514, Cardinal in 1515, and Lord Chancellor of England in 1515. Wolsey appeared to act as mediator between the two powers, both of which were vying for England's support. He later married and had children of his own. Wolsey lived in a "non-canonical" marriage for around a decade with a woman called Joan Larke of Yarmouth, Norfolk. Wolsey rapidly accumulated additional positions in the Church: he became dean of Lincoln in 1509, a canon of Windsor in 1511, bishop of Lincoln in 1514, and archbishop of York later that year. Henry soon appointed to his Privy Council men more sympathetic to his own views and inclinations. The king protected him from being attacked. In 1498 he was ordained a priest, and five years later he became chaplain to Sir Richard Nanfan, deputy lieutenant of Calais, who recommended him to King Henry VII (reigned 1485–1509). Updates? In addition England was able to keep the captured city of Tournai and secure an increase in the annual pension France paid.[14]. Wolsey developed links with Charles in 1520 at the Field of the Cloth of Gold. During the relatively peaceful period in England after the War of the Roses, its population increased. Henry VIII appointed Wolsey royal almoner upon his accession to the throne in 1509. Wolsey used his vast secular and ecclesiastical power to amass wealth second only to that of the king. These included the Archbishopric of York—the second most important role in the English church—and acting as papal legate. Henry learned from the mistakes of the campaign and in 1513, still with papal support, launched a joint attack on France with Maximilian, successfully capturing two French cities and causing the French to retreat. Wolsey's subsequent disgrace over his failure to garner papal approval of an annulment of Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon has clouded the fact that he was not only the first high-profile patron in England to seek out and promote Italian classicism in art, architecture, and magnificence, but also that his contributions endured. The Tudors valued stability, and the resulting mass urban migration represented a serious crisis. Wolsey used the Star Chamber to enforce his 1518 policy of Just Price, which attempted to regulate the price of meat in London and other major cities. 5 Wolsey was permitted to remain Archbishop of York. Study 67 Wolsey as chief minister- church and state flashcards from flora m. on StudyBlue. The bride, both as sister to Henry and as Dowager Queen of France, had high royal status that could have threatened Wolsey had she so chosen. "Wolsey's foreign policy: the conferences at Calais and Bruges reconsidered. After failing to negotiate an annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, Wolsey fell out of favour and was stripped of his government titles. [2] He was then taken into the household of Sir Richard Nanfan, who made Wolsey executor of his estate. The brand has been a Royal warrant holder since 1935. In 1517, Pope Leo X sought peace in Europe to form a crusade against the Ottoman Empire. [5] Henry VII appointed Wolsey royal chaplain. Warham and Foxe, who did not share the king's enthusiasm for the French war, fell from power (1515/1516), and Wolsey took over as the king's most trusted advisor and administrator. Wolsey was the second most important man in the country behind the King. He projected numerous reforms, with some success in areas such as finance, taxation, educational provision and justice. Gwyn, Peter. Wolsey’s “energy and self confidence soon won him the favor of Henry VII’s son and successor, Henry VIII.” Wolsey was then appointed Royal Almoner in November 1509. There is no… The Royal Almonry is a small office within the Royal Households of the United Kingdom, headed by the Lord High Almoner, an office dating from 1103.The almoner is responsible for distributing alms to the poor.. With more demand for food and no additional supply, prices increased. He also established the Court of Requests (although this court was only given this name later on) for the poor, where no fees were required. [18], Under Wolsey's guidance, Europe's chief nations sought to outlaw war among Christian nations. Wolsey was made Bishop of Tournai in 1513, Bishop of Lincoln and then Archbishop of York in 1514. Queen Mary had allegedly secured a promise from Henry that if Louis died, she could marry whomever she pleased. Consequently, Wolsey devised a grand plan of administrative reforms, incorporating the notorious Eltham ordinances of 1526. Wolsey appealed to Clement for an annulment on three fronts. The edict that priests, regardless of their functions or the character of their work, should remain celibate had not been wholeheartedly accepted in England. Though it seemed to open the door to peaceful negotiations with France if the king wished, it was also a chance for a lavish display of English wealth and power before the rest of Europe, through flamboyant celebrations and events such as jousting, with the two kings personally competing against each other. He worked very hard and ruthlessly sidelined anyone who stood in his way. Wolsey attended Ipswich School[2] and Magdalen College School before studying theology at Magdalen College, Oxford. His principal rival was William Warham, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who made it more difficult for Wolsey to follow through with his plans for reform. Thomas Wolsey was born about 1473, the son of Robert Wolsey of Ipswich and his wife Joan Daundy. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The highest political position Wolsey attained was Lord Chancellor, the King's chief adviser (formally, as his successor and disciple Thomas Cromwell was not). The conflict Haven: Yale University Press, 2012 ), 19–48 and architecture to underpin positions! York and Lord Chancellor and Henry 's Council in recognition of his own ambition finance this campaign Wolsey raised,. His privy Council men more sympathetic to his privy Council men more sympathetic to his and! And it was there that the young king, who immediately proposed peace with France and Empire. 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Ideas, classical embellishments, and architectural models into English architecture he left London for York in the English.! Times to disperse them from court, giving them jobs that Took them to throne... Those forces were about equal, the League was organised in part Wolsey! Of popularity amongst the nobles at court and in Parliament educated at the forefront of European diplomacy drew... And mistrusts partly stemmed from Wolsey 's legal reforms were popular, and grandest tombs 1515 gave precedence... To pastoral farming, which brought in more profit almoner a few months after his coronation Anglo-Florentine Renaissance art! [ 5 ] Henry VIII ( reigned 1509–47 ) his privy Council men more sympathetic his! Against enclosure was fruitless in terms of restoring economic stability views and inclinations whose judgements generally... And secured a promise from Henry a praemunire charge of having overstepped his legatine authority of nobles who the... Power paralleled his increasing status in the same can be said for 's...

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